Allison Clement Paulsen, 1970, A Chronology of Guangala and Libertad Ceramics of the Santa Elena Peninsula, Columbia University, Ph.D. dissertation

Masucci, M., 1992, Ceramic Change in the Guangala Phase, Southern Ecuador: a Typology and Chronology, Dallas, Southern Methodist University, Ph.D. dissertation

Lippi, R., 1983, La Ponga and the Machalilla Phase of Coastal Ecuador, Madison, University of Wisconsin, Ph. D. dissertation.

Marcelo Villalba O., 1989, Planteamientos Teorico-Metodológicos para Análisis de Sitios Arqueológicos. El Caso de Cotocollao (1500-500 A.C.), Quito, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Licenciatura en Antropología.

Currie, E., 1989, Cultural Relationships in Southern Ecuador, 300 BC-AD 300: Excavations at the Guarumal and Punta Brava sites, London, University College, Ph.D. dissertation.

Staller, J., 1994, Late Valdivia Occupation in Southern Coastal El Oro Province, Ecuador: Excavations at the Early Formative Period (3500-1500 B.C.) site of La Emerenciana, Dallas, Southern Methodist University, Ph. D. dissertation.

Damp, J., 1979, Better Homes and Gardens: the Life and Death of the Early Valdivia Community, Calgary, University of Calgary. Ph.D. dissertation.

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Stothert, K., 1974, The Lithic Technology in the Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador: a method for the analysis of technologically simple stone work, New Haven, Yale University, Ph. D. dissertation.

Deborah Pearsall, 1978, The application of ethnobotanical techniques to the problem of subsistence in the Ecuadorian Formative, Urbana, University of Illinois. Ph. D. dissertation.

Marcos, J., 1978, The Ceremonial Precinct at Real Alto: Organisation of Time and Space in Valdivia Society, Urbana, University of Illinois. Ph. D. dissertation.

Mester, A. M., 1990, The Pearl Divers of Los Frailes: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Explorations of Sumptuary Good Trade and Cosmology in the North and Central Andes, University of Illinois. Ph. D. dissertation.